Milnor–Švarc lemma
Statement
Let act by isometries on a proper, geodesic metric space , properly discontinuously and cocompactly (the quotient is compact). Then is finitely generated, and for any basepoint , the orbit map is a quasi-isometry from , equipped with a word metric, to .
Why is it true?
Because acts by isometries, it cannot tell points of apart from any of their -translates; because the action is cocompact, one bounded piece of , copied by , already covers all of . So the orbit of a single point already captures the entire coarse shape of — studying the abstract group and studying the concrete space it acts on become interchangeable up to bounded error. This is the theorem that lets metric-space geometry and group theory trade places.
Proof sketch
Fix and, using compactness of , choose large enough that the -translates of the closed ball cover . Let , a finite set by proper discontinuity. To see generates : given , mark points spaced at most apart along a geodesic from to ; each consecutive pair satisfies , so , and multiplying these elements of recovers . Hence for a constant depending only on . Conversely, each generator moves by at most , so . These two inequalities show is a -quasi-isometric embedding for suitable , and cocompactness (every point of lies within of some -translate of ) makes its image coarsely dense — so it is a quasi-isometry, and since it is defined on all of , the finite set generates .
Topics that use this theorem
Step-by-step proofs
No step-by-step proof yet for this theorem.
References
- Clara Löh (2017). Geometric Group Theory: An Introduction · DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-72254-2
- Mikhael Gromov (1981). Groups of polynomial growth and expanding maps · DOI:10.1007/BF02698687
- Mikhael Gromov (1987). Hyperbolic groups