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Milnor–Švarc lemma

Statement

Let GG act by isometries on a proper, geodesic metric space XX, properly discontinuously and cocompactly (the quotient X/GX/G is compact). Then GG is finitely generated, and for any basepoint x0∈Xx_0 \in X, the orbit map g↦g⋅x0g \mapsto g\cdot x_0 is a quasi-isometry from GG, equipped with a word metric, to XX.

Why is it true?

Because GG acts by isometries, it cannot tell points of XX apart from any of their GG-translates; because the action is cocompact, one bounded piece of XX, copied by GG, already covers all of XX. So the orbit of a single point already captures the entire coarse shape of XX — studying the abstract group GG and studying the concrete space XX it acts on become interchangeable up to bounded error. This is the theorem that lets metric-space geometry and group theory trade places.

Proof sketch

Fix x0∈Xx_0 \in X and, using compactness of X/GX/G, choose RR large enough that the GG-translates of the closed ball Bˉ(x0,R)\bar B(x_0,R) cover XX. Let S={ g∈G:g≠e, dX(x0,gx0)≤2R+1 }S = \{\, g \in G : g \ne e,\ d_X(x_0,gx_0) \le 2R+1 \,\}, a finite set by proper discontinuity. To see SS generates GG: given g∈Gg \in G, mark points x0=g0x0,g1x0,…,gnx0=gx0x_0 = g_0 x_0, g_1 x_0, \dots, g_n x_0 = g x_0 spaced at most 2R2R apart along a geodesic from x0x_0 to gx0g x_0; each consecutive pair satisfies dX(gi−1x0,gix0)≤2Rd_X(g_{i-1}x_0, g_i x_0) \le 2R, so gi−1−1gi∈Sg_{i-1}^{-1} g_i \in S, and multiplying these n≤dX(x0,gx0)/(2R)+1n \le d_X(x_0, g x_0)/(2R) + 1 elements of SS recovers gg. Hence dS(e,g)≤C1 dX(x0,gx0)+C1d_S(e,g) \le C_1\, d_X(x_0,gx_0) + C_1 for a constant C1C_1 depending only on RR. Conversely, each generator moves x0x_0 by at most 2R+12R+1, so dX(x0,gx0)≤(2R+1) dS(e,g)d_X(x_0,gx_0) \le (2R+1)\, d_S(e,g). These two inequalities show g↦gx0g \mapsto g x_0 is a (λ,ε)(\lambda,\varepsilon)-quasi-isometric embedding for suitable λ,ε\lambda,\varepsilon, and cocompactness (every point of XX lies within RR of some GG-translate of x0x_0) makes its image coarsely dense — so it is a quasi-isometry, and since it is defined on all of GG, the finite set SS generates GG.

Topics that use this theorem

Step-by-step proofs

No step-by-step proof yet for this theorem.

References

  1. Clara Löh (2017). Geometric Group Theory: An Introduction · DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-72254-2
  2. Mikhael Gromov (1981). Groups of polynomial growth and expanding maps · DOI:10.1007/BF02698687
  3. Mikhael Gromov (1987). Hyperbolic groups