Math Labs
Step 1 of 6: Puncture one face and flatten the polyhedron onto the plane
In plain words

Cut away one face and regard the remaining surface as a topological disk. We can redraw its vertices and edges in the plane without crossings, preserving incidences; this is a planar embedding, not a claim that every physical net can be laid flat without overlap.

Vgraph=V,Egraph=E,Fgraph=(F−1)+1=FV_{\text{graph}} = V, \quad E_{\text{graph}} = E, \quad F_{\text{graph}} = (F-1) + 1 = F
A cube with one face marked before it is removed
A cube drawn in 3D with one square face shaded to mark it as the face that will be removed so the rest of the surface can be flattened into a planar graph.
Detailed analysis

The first move converts the polyhedron into a planar graph. Since the polyhedron is convex, its surface is homeomorphic to a sphere S2S^2; remove one face — think of it as the 'back' face — and the remaining surface is topologically a disk, which can be flattened into the plane. Concretely, place the polyhedron so the chosen face is closest to a point light source (or use stereographic projection from a point inside that face): the edges project to a planar embedding in which all other faces become bounded regions and the removed face becomes the outer, unbounded region.

The bookkeeping is immediate: vertices and edges are preserved one-to-one, so Vgraph=VV_{\text{graph}}=V and Egraph=EE_{\text{graph}}=E; the bounded faces of the drawing number F−1F-1, and counting the outer face brings the total back to FF. Hence the quantity V−E+FV-E+F is literally unchanged by the flattening — proving it for the planar graph proves it for the polyhedron.

This is the moment where the hypothesis 'convex' is actually used: convexity is what guarantees the surface is a sphere and the projection is a genuine embedding with no edge crossings. The proof is the one given in Aigner–Ziegler, Proofs from THE BOOK, Ch. 13.

Terms in this step
Planar graph
A graph (vertices joined by edges) that can be drawn in the plane so that no two edges cross.
Topological sphere
A surface that can be continuously stretched and deformed (without cutting or gluing) into an ordinary round sphere; a cube's surface qualifies, a doughnut's does not.
Knowledge used in this step
Common mistake. This flattening step needs the polyhedron's surface to be a topological sphere. For a polyhedron with a hole through it — Lakatos's classic 'picture frame' counterexample — removing a face leaves a surface that cannot be flattened without edges crossing, and indeed V−E+F=0V - E + F = 0 for that shape, not 22.